![]() ![]() procedures that were first documented in 1494 by Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (a friend of Leonardo da Vinci) remain virtually unchanged by time. However, the double-entry bookkeeping A mechanical process created over five hundred years ago and documented by Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli that facilitates the gathering and reporting of financial information. Today, when every aspect of modern society seems to be in a constant state of flux, a process that has remained in use for over five centuries is almost impossible to comprehend. How can any organization possibly amass and maintain such an enormous volume of data so that financial statements can be produced with no material misstatements?Īnswer: Over five hundred years ago, Venetian merchants in Italy developed a system that continues to serve in the twenty-first century as the basis for accumulating financial data throughout much of the world. At the end of 2008, the Kellogg Company reported holding $897 million in inventory-which is a lot of cereal-and indicated that its operating activities that year generated a net cash inflow of nearly $1.3 billion. As an example, for 2008, Xerox Corporation disclosed revenues of over $17.6 billion and operating expenses and other costs of $17.4 billion. The accountant for a business of any significant size faces a daunting challenge in creating financial statements: gathering, measuring, and reporting the impact of the many varied events that occur virtually every day. The amount of financial data that is readily available is impressive. Notes offer pages of additional explanatory information. Changes in cash are separated into operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities and disclosed on a statement of cash flows. Assets, liabilities, capital stock, and retained earnings are all displayed on a balance sheet. Total income earned and dividends paid by the company over its entire life are netted to compute the current retained earnings balance. Revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are presented on an income statement where they are combined to arrive at reported net income for the period. Financial statements provide a formal structure to communicate the resulting balances periodically to an array of interested parties. ![]() Question: Transaction analysis determines the changes in account balances as the events of each day take place. Understand the reason that debits and credits are always equal.List the rules for using debits and credits.List the four steps followed in the accounting process.Explain the history of double-entry bookkeeping.Most of all, in the seventeenth century, scholars, merchants and naturalists began thinking in formal terms about how to use notes as part of larger information systems which they called collections, compilations and even archives.At the end of this section, students should be able to meet the following objectives: Notes had formed a part of larger writing and archival projects since the dawn of writing and literacy, but during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, figures such as Bacon, Boyle and Pepys not only mixed note‐taking practices from both scholarly and mercantile traditions they also thought about the very act of note‐taking and how to transform it into a tool for the management of large‐scale government, industry and research. It was during this period that merchants, administrators, scholars and scientists sought methods to transform raw information such as notes into formalized knowledge for practical use. Yet both the personal, sentimental and technical forms of note‐taking were interrelated. Other note‐taking was prescriptive, fact‐establishing technical data entry. Practices such as commonplacing were part of sometimes communal, rather informal personal practices that laid the foundations for personal diaries. Not only did they write down extracts of texts, they also collected data from observation or from accounting. Note‐takers in early modern Europe mixed a number of scribal practices. ![]()
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